UNIT – I
PART-A
1. Define FOSS[FLOSS(Free Libre/Open source software) Or F/OSS:-
FOSS is a software for which the source code is made available to the user and it gives the freedom to user to share ,study and modify it.
2. List out the drawback of proprietary software.
i)Proprietary software that denies users freedoms and benefits.It is not possible to copy,modify the software.
ii)The corporations behind proprietary software will often spy on your personal activities and restrict you from sharing with others.
3. List out the importance of FOSS to society.
i)It gives right to learn and share what we learn with others.
ii)Free software has become the foundation of a learning society where we share our knowledge in a way that others can build upon and enjoy.
4. Define GNU:-
GNU:GNU’s Not Unix.
GNU project was first started in 1984.The main aim of the project is to create free Unix-clone.This project is managed by an organization called by Free Software Foundation(FSF)promoted by well-known Unix Guru Richard Stallman.
5. Define GNU GPL:-
GNU GPL:GNU General Public License
Most of the programs and applications contained in a Linux distributions is covered under special Licensing Scheme called GNU General Public License(GNU GPL).
6. Define Linux Distributions:-
Linux kernel along with a collection of software programs is known as Linux distributions.
Famous Linux Distributions:-
• Red Hat Linux
• SuSe Linux
• Mandrake Linux
• Open Linux
• Aryabhat Linux
7. What are the benefits of Linux OS?
• Linux is a Unix linke OS
• Multi-user,Multi-tasking and Multi processor support.
• There are no royalty or license fees.
• Software development support.
• Linux runs on nearly any CPU
• Linux works well for server operations
• X-Window system
• Linux works very well as a personal computer Unix for the desktop.
8. Define Shell:-
The program or command that keeps executing in the system background is referred to as a shell.
• The shell is an interpreter through which a user can interact with kernel.
• All the commands given by the user will be passed through the shell and interpreted to a form that the kernel can understand.
9. List out some basic shell commands:-
ls-list the contents of a file system or directory
cat-used to create a file,append a file and for displaying the contents of a file
pwd(Print Working Directory)-Display full path of the present working directory.
mkdir- used to create a directory
rmdir- used to remove the empty directory
mv -moving or renaming the file
10. What are the two methods available to change file modes & permissions?
• Octal number representation(Ex: chmod 777 filename)
• Symbolic representation(Ex chmoda+r filename)
11. Define kernigham or root:-
The top level of the Linux file hierarchy is referred to as root or kernigham.
12. What are the major directories available in Linux Os?
• bin/ -Required boot-time binaries
• boot/-boot configuration files for the OS loader and Kernal Image
• Dev/-Device files
• etc/- System configuration files and scripts
• root/-Linux home directory for the root user
• lib/-main OS shared libraries and kernel modules
13. What are the types of Linux file system?
i)ext2- An ext 2 file system supports standard unix file types
ii)ext3-The ext3 file system is based on the ext2 file system and has one main advantage called Journaling.
iii)physical volume(LVM)- To create an LVM logical volume
iv)software RAID- To create a RAID
14 What is the use of Journaling in file system?
Using a Journaling ,file system reduces the time spent for recovering a file system after a crash as there is no need to fsck the file system.
15 What are the two different logical categories of files?
• Shareable vsUnshareable
• Variable vsStaic
16 Define process:-
Process is simpley an instance of a running program.
Types:-i) Heavy weight process
ii)Light weight process
17 What is the use of fork()?
The Linux OS fork() system call uses copy on write semantics to minimise the cost of process creation.
18 Define Zombie or defunct process.
It occurs when the parent process of a child process has not called the wait() system call.
A zombie process is actually only an entry in the process table which won’t be cleared until wait() is called. They don’t use any memory or CPU.The large number of zombie processes may indicate a problem on the system.
19 What is the use of signal in OS system?
The OS uses a mechanism called signalling to send short messages to processes.The processes handle signals by passing execution to a signal handler routine which performs some specific activity in response to the signal.
20 Define Account:-
Account is a collection of logical characteristics that specify who the user is, what the user is allowed to do and where the user is allowed to do it.
Type of account:-
• User account-uid(user identifier number),username,password
• Group account-collection of user accounts
21 What is the use of shadow file?
The shadow file consists of one line per user containing the encrypted password and additional information.
Advantage:-
• Improved security and information about pwd aging ,and how long password can remain unchanged
22 How to create user account and group account?
i)Useradd command can be used to create user account.
Format:-
Useradd [-u UID] [-g GID] [-G group1,group2…][-c comment ] [-s shell] [-d home ] [-e expire-date] [-f n] -m <username>
ii) groupadd command is used to create group account
Format:-
groupadd [-g GID] groupname
GID- Group Indentification number
23 What is the use of SU command?
SU(Switch User command) is used to get the privilege of different user without logging to the system using that username.
su[-] username
24 Define PAM:-
PAM-Pluggable Authentication Modules
PAM is a way of allowing the system administrator to set an authentication policy.
Linux system use more authentication systems suchas Kerberos or LDAP authentication by adding PAM to the system.
25 Define logging .what is the use of syslog?
The recording of certain events ,errors and emergencies is called logging.
Syslog system was devised to provide a central logging facility.
26 What are the types of partition on hard disk in linux installation?
i)Root partition
ii) Swap partition(swap partition is the size that is double the amount of RAM in your system)
27 What are the two modes of linux installation?
• Text(Command) mode
• Graphical mode•
28 Draw the Linux system structure:
User
|
V
Linux Shell
Applications Programs
(word processor,Spreadsheets,webbrowser,Gamesetc)
Linux Kernel
Hardware Devices
PART-B
1. Explain about FOSS in detail.
2. Explain GNU/Linux Installation.
3. What is process management in Linux OS? Explain it.
4. What is user and group management ? Explain in detail
5. Explain about PAM
6. How to connect linux system with internet? Explain it
7. How to connect linux system with network ? Explain it
8. Explain about linux file system.
UNIT – II
PART-A
1 What is booting?
Booting is a process by which a computer is turned on .Booting consists of following steps:-
• Finding the kernel
• Starting the kernel
• Starting the processes
2 Define Boot loader:-
A boot loader is a first software program that runs when a computer starts.
Types of boot loader:-
• GRUB(Grand Unified Boot loader):It can load a variety of free operating systems as well as proprietary operating systems with chain loading.
• LILO(LInuxLoader:It is a versatile boot loader for linux.
3 What is MBR?
MBR (Master Boot Record).The MBR contains instructions on how to load the boot loader depending on the boot loader installed.
4 List out the Boot sequences:-
• BIOS
• MBR
• LILO or GRUB
• Kernel
• Init
• Run levels
5 Difference between LILO and GRUB:-
slno LILO GRUB
1 Linux Loader
(only for linux) GRand Unified Boot loader
(for all)
2 Does not understand file systems Understand file systems
3 /etc/lilo.conf is used to determine which os to utilise or which kernel to start. Config in boot/grub/menu.lst
6 What are the run levels in boot up process?
0- Halt
1- Single user mode
2- 4(not used)user definable
3- Full multiuser mode
4- Full multiuser mode (with an x based log in screen)
6- Reboot
7 Define X window system:-
The X window system is the dominant graphical user interface(GUI) for unix like operating systems.To create this GUI for the user ,X uses client-server Architecture.It has x-client and x-server programs
8 Define Window manager:-
Window managers are x client programs that control the way other x-clients are positioned ,resized or moved.It can also provide title bars to windows ,keyboard focus by keyboard or mouse and user specified key and mouse button bindings.
Four window managers:-
• twm(Tab window manager)
• mwm(default window manager for GNOME)
• sawfish(full featured window manager)
• wmaker(window maker)
9 What is the use of Desktop environment?
The Desktop environment which only control the appearance and placement of x client windows
Types:-
KDE( K Desktop Environment)
GNOME(GNU Network Object Model Environment )
10 How to configure sound card in GNU/Linux using text mode?
• /etc /sysconfig/sound card is generated by sndconfig and should not be modified.The use of the file is to determine what card entry in the menu to pop up by default the next time sndconfig is run
• The sound card configuration information is located in the /etc/modules.conffile.It contains the following: Card type=<value> and increase volume use aumix command.
11 What are the two types of Modems?
• Internal Modem
• External Modem
12 Define web proxy server:-
Web proxy server is an intermediate server between local network and the internet.
Ex for proxy server:- Squid :-
• Squid is a leading proxy server
• Squid is a open source project.
13 What is the basic squid configuration?
• http_port 192.168.1.1(squid is bounded):8080(port address)
• aclprivatenetsrc 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0(internal network)
• http_access allow privatenet
• cache_effective_user proxy
• cache_effective_group proxy
14 What are the two access control components in squid?
• Acl elements
Ex:src-source(client’s ip address)
dst-destination(server’s ip address)
srcdomain,dstdomain
• Access list
It allows or deny the access to the service
15 List out some Authentication programs:-
LDAP,NCSA,SMB,MSNT,
16 Write a program name which is used to play music in linux system.
The popular .mp3 format is widely supported on linux.Most distributions include multiple programs that can play these files.
Ex program:- XMMS MP3 player
aumix andalsomixer are two text tools for adjusting audion controls.
17 Define text editor:
A text editor is a software application used for editing plain text.
Ex text editor in GUI Linux
• Kate is KDE default
• Kwriteia another KDE editor
• gedit is GNOME default
• xEmacs
18 List out free linux based spread sheets:-
• The Gnumericspreadsheet
• Table editor and planner or Teapot
• SIAG office
• Openoffice.org
19 What is MTA?
MTA-Mail Transport Agent
MTA is used to receive the mail from the user and analyse the address and send it to the correct location and from there to the correct user.
Famous MTAs are:-
• Sendmail
• Qmail
• Postfix
20 What is MUA?
MUA-Mail User Agent
MUA or mail client allows the user to read and compose mails.
Mail clients are:-
• Netscape messenger
• Outlook
• Pine
• Mozillamail
• mutt
21 Define CUPS or print spooler:-
CUPS:-Common Unix Printing System.
It is a modular printing System for Unix-like computer operating systems which allows a computer to act as a print server.A computer running CUPS is a host thaqt can accept print Jobs from client computers, process them and send them to appropriate printer.CUPS is a free software provided under the GNU.
22 What is Ghostscript?
Ghostscript is a postscript interpreter that is commonly used on Linux printing system.
23 Define Foomatic or printer database:-
Foomatic is a database driven system for integrating free software printer drivers with common spoolers under unix.
24 Define MDA:-
MDA:Mail Delivery Agent
It is similar to MTA ,but does not handle deliveries between systems and does not provide an interface to the user like an MUA.
Ex: Procmail or Spamassassin ,both provide filtering service to MTA.
25 What is SMTP and POP3?
SMTP:- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
It is used to send mails from one network to another .
POP3:- Post Office Protocol
A protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Most e-mail applications (sometimes called an e-mail client) use the POP protocol, although some can use the newer IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).
26 What are the two methods used for setting up file sharing services using linux system?
• Linux-with-Linux file sharing is implemented with a set of protocols called NFS(Network File service).NFS is basically a UDP based protocol that allows Linux and Unix systems to access files stored on other machines.Nowadays,NFS supports TCP-based file services also.
• Linux –with –Windows file sharing is implemented using the samba package.Samba is Free software that implements the SMB and NetBIOS protocols.It lets a Linux user create shareware so that the files can be accessed over the network from a windows machine.
27 Define NFS:-
NFS(Network file Service):- NFS ia s file sharing protocol primarily used on the Linux/Windows world.NFS is completely transparent for a user or application-there is no change in the way a user or application would access a file on disk or over NFS.NFS is commonly implemented over UDP.It depends on RPC to perform most of its functions
28 What are the main objectives of file sharing ?
• To share files on your machine with others on the network.
• To access files that are shared by others.
• To enable organizations to create and maintain central data stores.
• To run file servers with complex access control on stored data,so that access privileges and restrictions could be incorporated.
• To enable a file server to share data with networks running different operating systems,eg.,Windows or Unix.Linux contains software to do both these things.
29 How to set up email servers on linux systems?
To set up email servers on linux systems:-
• Using postfix(SMTP services)
• Using courier(IMAP or POP3 services)
• Using Squirrel mail(web mail services)
30 Define postfix:-
Postfix is a very flexible and advanced SMTP server written as replacement for Sendmail and is designed to be secure and easy to use .It can be used to run a simple domain mail server as well as very busy and high traffic mail servers.
31 Define Courier:-
Courier Mail Server Base System. The Courier mail transfer agent (MTA) is an integrated mail/groupware server based on open commodity protocols, such as ESMTP, IMAP, POP3, LDAP, SSL, and HTTP. Courier provides ESMTP, IMAP, POP3, webmail, and mailing list services within a single, consistent, framework. This package provides the functionality needed by all Debian courier packages like some configuration files, helper programs and the Courier TCP server daemon.
32 Define webmail:-
• There are two primary ways of checking your e-mail – using an e-mail program like Microsoft Outlook or with a Web-based interface called webmail. When you check or send e-mail via the Web, you are using webmail. Most free e-mail services, such as Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail offer webmail interfaces that allow you to send, receive, and organize your e-mail on the Web.
• Some common webmail systems supported by Web hosts include Horde, NeoMail, and SquirrelMail.Because webmail is run from a server, the messages downloaded to your inbox are saved on the mail server
33 Define squirrel mail:-
o SquirrelMail is a web-based email application started by Nathan and Luke Ehresman. and written in the PHP scripting language. It can be installed on almost all web servers as long as PHP is present and the web server has access to an IMAP and SMTP server.
34 List out difference between source package and binary package.
Source package:-A package which contains the original code for a program which must be compiled to be usable on a particular architecture.
Binary package:- A package which contains a program suitable for one particular architecture.
PART-B
1 Explain how to perform everyday activities using linux system.
2 Explain the configuration of sound card,display card, network card ,cd writers and modem in linuxos.
3. How to set up email services using postfix , courier and squirrel mail?
4 How to set up file services using samba and NFS?
5. Explain about CUPS and Foomatic.
6 Explain about boot up process with neat diagram.
7 Explain about x-window system configuration and utilities.
8. How to set up proxy services using squid?
9. i)How to copy files from disks in Linux system?
ii) How to copy files over the network from linux system?
UNIT – III
PART-A
1 Define Firewall.
A Firewall is a system or router that sits between an external network (ie the internet) and an internal network. Thus , a firewall has two network connections, one for the external network and one for the internal network.
Purpose:-
To protect the what is on our side from the other side people.This is achieved by enforcing some security policies with which all internet related services will be continued on your LAN.
2 What are the types of Firewalls?
Three types of Firewalls are:-
i)Packet filtering firewall :- Implemented in the OS itself and makes decisions about routing to protect the system.
ii)Application gateway:- Implemented at the network architecture and system configuration level.
iii)Proxy firewall:- (application level circuit gateway)Implemented as a separate program which establishes connections with remote servers on behalf of the client.
3 List out some tools for packet watching in Linux system.
i) tcpdump
ii) ethereal
These programs are known as packet sniffers.
4 Define Netfilter:-
It is a Frame work. Netfilter is a set of hooks inside the linux kernel that allows kernel modules to register callback functions with the network stack.A registered callback function is then called back for every packet that traverses the respective hook within the network stack.
5 What are the two methods used for setting up firewall using netfilter in linux system?
i)iptables:- iptables is the userspace command line program used to configure the Linux 2.4.x and 2.6.x IPv4 packet filtering ruleset.It is targeted towards system administrators.
ii)ipchain:-A ipchain is a check list of rules to check the packets.
6 List out the use of iptables:-
i)iptables:- iptables is the userspace command line program used to configure the Linux 2.4.x and 2.6.x IPv4 packet filtering ruleset.It is targeted towards system administrators.
Use:-
• Listing the contents of the packet filter ruleset.
• Adding/Removing /modifying rules in the packet filter ruleset.
• Listing/Zeroing per-rule counters of the packet filter ruleset.
7 What are the tables are maintained in the iptable method?
i)Input
ii)Output
iii)Forward
iv)nat table:-It can be used to modify the source and destination address.
v)mangle table:-used to alter packets in specialized ways.
8 Difference between iptables and ipchain methods?
Ipchains:-
• In Ipchains,all incoming packets pass through the input chain,irrespective of whether they are destinated for a local machine or some other machine.
• All outgoing packets are sent through the output chain ,even if they are meant to be forwarded.
Iptables:-
• In iptables,packets are applied against only one chain.
• In iptables, DROP is used instead of DENY
• In iptables , the order in which rules appear matters.
• In iptables ,interfaces must be used in the appropriate chains.
9 Write the structure of iptable:-
Iptables [-t<table-name>]<command><chain-name>
<parameter-1><option-1>
<parameter-n><option-n>
<table-name>- To select the table
<command>- Specifies action to be performed.
10 Define GCC:-
• It is GNU Compiler Collection
• It is the compiler system produced by the GNU project supporting various programming languages.
• It is a full featured ISO C Compiler with support for C,as well as C++ ,objective C,Java ,Objective C++ ,Ada and Fortran.
• GCC supports many different architectures and operating systems.
11 Define CPP:-
• It is C Preprocessor
• The pre-processor which is used to handles the logic behind all the # directives in c.
• Only preprocess the C language program.
gcc- E filename.c
12 Define GDB:-
• GDB, a short name of GNU Debugger
• It is a free software protected by GNU General Public License(GPL).
• GDB allows user to see what is happening when a program is getting executed.
13 Define Gas:-
• Gas, It is a GNU Assembler.
• This takes the assembly code generated by the compiler, and translates it into machine language code kept in object files.
Gcc-s
Take .c file as input and .s(assembly file as output)
14 Define GNU Linker:-
Linker combines multiple relocatable object files and produces fully linked executable-directly loadable in memory.
15 Define g++:
• g++ is a traditional nickname of GNU c++.
• It is a freely redistributable c++ compiler.
• It is a part of gcc, the GNU compiler suite,and is currently part of that distribution.
16 How main() is executed on Linux?
On Linux,c main() function is executed by the co-operative work of GCC , libc and Linux’s binary loader.
17 Define make or make command :-
Make is most commonly used in Linux/Unix for automating SW system compiling and development.Because SW system is always having multiple source files .Compilation of that source file will be difficult compare to program made of single source file. To make compilation easy in multiple source file system, make is used.
Use:-
When a program is modified or rebuilt , make helps in saving the memory space and reducing SW compilation time by re-compiling only those files which depends on the modified file.
18 Define make file:-
A file that tells make how your application is constructed and this is called the make file or Make file.The Make files most often resides in the same directory as the other source files for the project.
Use:-
The combination of the make command and a makefile provides a very powerful tool for SW managing projects.
19 Write the syntax for makefiles:-
• A make file consists of a set of dependencies and rules.
• A dependency has a target and a set of source file upon which it is dependent.
• The rules describe how to create the target from the dependent file.
• The make file is read by the make command.
• The make command uses the make file to determine the order in which the targets have to be made and the correct sequence of rules to invoke.
20 What is the use of autoconfig and autogen?
• Autoconfig and autogen are tools which is used for automatically generate the makefiles.
• It has a mechanism to detect your system specific parameters before the compilation and building steps are performed.
• Autoconf/automake generates makefile.in from your makefile.am.This makefile is processed by ./ configure script.
21 What is the use of autogen.sh?
The file autogen.sh is a shell script that invokes autoreconf for us.The tool autoreconf is responsible for calling autoconf,automake and related tools in the right order.
22 Define revision control or version control or source control:-
• Revision control is a method that tracks and provides control over changes to source code.
• Software developers use revision control software(rcs) to maintain documentation and configuration files as well as source code.
23 Define RCS:-
• RCS is Revision Control Software.
• It stores the differences of versions of a file
• Files can be restored without regard to the system manager
• RCS maintains two fundamental commands
Ci(check in)- to check the file
Co(check out )- to check out the file.
24 Define CVS:-
• CVS(Concurrent Version System ) is a prominent example of a source code collaboration tool being used in OSS projects.
• CVS enables one to easily retrieve a previous version of a file.
• CVS helps to manage the files and codes of a project when several people are working on the project at the same time.
25 Define Patch and Diff:-
Patch:-A patch is the set of differences between two versions of the same file.
Patches are used to send someone the exact changes that you have made to your version of a program or a document.
Diff:-A patch comprises one or more “ diff” files .These diffs are produced by the program of the same name diff.
PART-B
1 How to setup firewall using netfilter and iptables?Explain
2 List out the differences between ipchain and iptable methods.
3 Explain about GNU Compiler Collection(GCC).
4. How make files are constructed ?Explain.
5 Explain about constructing make files using autogen and autoconf.
6 Explain about Revison control method.
7. How to manage source code revision using CVS?Explain
UNIT – IV
PART-A
1 Define Web server:-
• A webserver is the Combination of computer and the program installed on it.
• Web server interacts with the client through a web browser.
• It delivers the webpages to the client and to an application by using the web browser and the HTTP protocols respectively.
2 List out some web servers:-
• IIS(Windows web server)
• Apache Web server-open source web server
• Nginx webserver-open source web server
• Jigsaw webserver-w3c’s server and open source
3 Define Apache web server and Apache Tomcat:-
Apache web server:-
Apache web server is a open source software and can be installed and made to work on almost all operating systems including Linux,Unix ,Windows,FreeBSD, MacOSx
Apache Tomcat:-
• Apache Tomcat is free and open source and can run on different operating systems.
• The Apache Tomcat has been developed to support servlets and JSP scripts.Though it can serve as a standalone server,Tomcat is generally used along with the popular Apache HTTP web server or any other web server.
•
4 What is MDA?
MDA-Model-Driven Architecture
MDA is a framework for implementing distributed systems .It is an approach to using models in software development.
5 What is the main idea of MDA?
Main idea of MDA is separating the specification of the operation of the system from the details of the way that system uses the capabilities of its platform.
Primary goal of MDA:-
• Portability
• Interoperability
• Reusability
6 Define Model:-
A model of a system is a description (or) specification of that system and its environment for certain purpose.A model is presented as a combination of drawings and text.The text may be in a modelling language or in a natural language.
7 Define Architecture:-
The architecture of a system is a specification of the parts and connectors of the system and the rules for the interactions of the parts using the connectors.
8 What is the use of MDA?
MDA is to help computer users solve integration problems by supplying open ,vender-neutral, interoperability specifications.MDA is OMG’s next step in solving integration problems.
9 What is UML Profile for MOF?
• “UML Profile for MOF” that defines a one-to-one mapping between a subset of UML models and corresponding MOF metamodels.
• It allows UML graphical notation and UML tools to be used to specify MOF metamodels.
10 Define MOF model:-
MOF(Meta-Object Facility) model or MOF meta-meta model is the language used to define the UML meta model.
11 Define UML metamodel and UML model:-
UML model :-A UML model is a language that defines aspects of a computer system. UML model can be described as an “ instance-of “ the UML metamodel.
UML metamodel:-The UML metamodel is the language used to define UML models. The UML metamodels can be described an “instance-of” the MOF meta-meta model.
12 List out the comparison between metamodels.
slno UML meta model MOF meta model
1 Based on Conceptual layered meta model. Based on Conceptual layered meta model.
2 UML meta model is a language used to define UML models. UML meta model can be described an “instance-of” the UML metamodel.
The MOF meta-meta model is the language used to define the UML meta model.
13 What is the use of UML Profile?
UML profiles tailor the language to particular areas of computing such as Enterprise Distributed Object computing or particular platforms such as EJB or CORBA in the MDA. Both PIMs and PSMs will be defined using UML profiles.
14 What are the two levels of models in MDA –based specifications?
• PIM( a platform –independent model)
• PSM(one or more platform –specific models)
15 Define XMI:-
• XMI-XML Metadata Interchange
• XMI defines an XML-based interchange format for UML and other MOF-based metamodels and models by standardizing XML document formats,DTDs and schemas.
• It also defines a mapping from UML to XML.
16 List out MDA applications.
MDA is being used for large,mission-critical applications including the F-16 fighter jet mission software and a two –million –transaction per day bank payment system.
17 What is UML profile for CCM?
The UML Profile for CCM(the CORBA Component Model) is OMG’s contribution to component-based programming.Enterprise JavaBeans(EJBs) are the Java mapping of CCM.
18 What is the UML profile for EDOC?
UML profile for EDOC is used to build PIMs of enterprise applications.It defines representations for entities, events, process, relationships, patterns and an Enterprise Collaboration Architecture.
19 What is UML profile for EAI?
UML profile for EAI defines a profile for loosely-coupled systems-that is,those that communicate using either asynchronous or messaging –based methods.These models are typically used in Enterprise Application Integration.
20 What is UML Profile for QoS?
UML Profile for QoS(Quality of Service) and Fault Tolerance defines frameworks for Real-time and high-assurance environments.
21 What is CWM?
CWM-Comman Warehouse MetaModel
The CWM standardizes a complete , comprehensive metamodel that enables data mining across database boundaries at an enterprise .The product of a cooperative effort between OMG and Meta-Data-Coalition(MDC),the CWM does for data modeling what UML does for application modelling.
22 What are the three levels of MDA-based specifications recognized by OMG?
• The Pervasive Services,including Enterprise necessities such as Directory Services,Transactions,Security and Event handling.
• The Domain Facilities, in industries such as Healthcare,Manufacturing,telecommunications, and others.
• Applications themselves,perhaps created and maintained by a software vendor or end user company or enterprise using MDA tools to run an MDA-based methodology,but not standardized by OMG.
23 Define CORBA:-
• Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA).
• CORBA is a middleware that permits a very rich variety of coordination modalities between its components.The architecture is based on the concept of a common software bus allowing for distributed object interoperability and providing a wide set of bus-related services to interacting objects.
24 Define UML:-
• (Unified Modeling Language) An object-oriented analysis and design language from the Object Management Group (OMG). UML standardizes several diagramming methods, including Grady Booch's work at Rational Software, Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique and Ivar Jacobson's work on use cases.
• There are twelve diagrams supported under UML. Four are structural, five are behavioral and three are used for model management, which include packages, subsystems and models.
25 How the MDA integrates the standards?
• Embracing CORBA,J2EE,XML,.NET and other technologies.
• Improving portability of applications by allowing the same model to be realized on multiple platforms through auxiliary mapping standards,or through point mappings to specific platforms.
• Imroving integration based on models of relationships across different domain application, and component interfaces allowing interoperability based on semantically-rich interrelationships.
PART-B
1 Explain the configuration and working of Apache Web Server.
2 Explain the Genesis and history of MDA.List out the applications of MDA.
3 Explain about MOF.
4. Explain about UML and UML Profiles.
5 Explain about any two web servsers.
UNIT – V
PART-A
1 Define X window system:-
• X windows is the GUI used widely in UNIX/Linux systems.
• X was developed by the Athena project at MIT, and released in 1984.
• XFree86 is the implementation of x we use on our Linux computers.
2 List out the main advantages of x windows.
• Separation of computing and Graphics
• Different systems under x
• Network Transparency
• Room for future Extensions
• Load Sharing
• Resource Sharing
3 Define X client:-
X was designed with a client –server architecture.The applications themselves are the x clients. They communicate with the server and issue requests ,also receives information from the server.
4 Define X server:-
X server maintains exclusive control of the display and services requests from the clients.
5 Define X protocol:-
• Protocol which is used for making communication between client and server in x window system
• Introduced around mid 1980
• Nertwork transparent GUI
• Distribute(Client & server)
• Asynchronous/Synchronous
• Same look and feel
• Highly Portable(Os/Language/Hardware)
• Better Performance
6 Define Xlib:-
X provides a library called Xlib, which handles all low-level client-server communication tasks.The client has to invoke functions contained with in Xlib to get work done.
Xlib are:-
• Uses ASM language of x
• Contains set of c Library functions
• Functions are used to create the x protocol
• Basic text and graphics handling capabilities
• Very tedious
• Huge
7 What is window manager?
• A proram which manages windows is called “Window manager” in x window system.This program decides where to place windows,gives mechanisms for users to control the windows appearance , position and size, and usally provides “decorations” like window titles, frames and buttons,that give as control over the window themselves.
• The window manager in x is another client.It is not part of the x window system.
• A window manager is a “ meta client “whose most basic mission is to manage other clients.
Ex:-
1)twm
2)enlightenment
3)Windowmaker
4)Sawfish
5)Kwm
6)fvwm
8 What is widget libraries?
• A widget toolkit, widget library, or GUI toolkit is a set of widgets for use in designing applications with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The toolkit itself is a piece of software which is usually built on the top of an operating system, windowing system, or window manager and provides programs with an application programming interface (API), allowing them to make use of widgets. Each widget facilitates a specific user-computer interaction, and appears as a visible part of the computer's GUI. Widget toolkits can be either native or cross platform.
• Widgets that are provided by a toolkit typically adhere to a unified design specification, including aesthetics, to lend a sense of overall cohesion among various parts of the application and between various applications within the GUI
9 What is the use of Desktop environment?
The Desktop environment which only control the appearance and placement of x client windows.Main objective of desktop environment is to provide consistent look and feel during the computing session.
Types:-
• KDE( K Desktop Environment)- KDE includes a single window manager(KWM) which manages and controls the behaviour of our windows.
• GNOME(GNU Network Object Model Environment ) which is another popular desk top environment.GNOME does not mandate a particular window manager.
• Other types:- GNUStep,ROX,GTK+XFce,UDE
10 What is “GTK” programming?
• GTK(GIMP ToolKit)-GNU Image Manipulation Program.
• It is a library for creating GUI and it is called the GIMP toolkit because it was written for developing the GNU Image manipulation program.
• It is used in GNOME project.
• GTK is an object oriented API although written completely in c and implemented using the idea of classes and callback functions.
11 Define GDK:-
GDK is GIMP Drawing Kit which is basically a wrapper around the low-level functions for accessing the underlying windowing functions and gdk-pixbuf, a library for client-side image manipulation. Gtk is built on top of GDK.
12 What is the use of Glib?
Glib is used with GTK which contains a few replacements for some standard calls to increase portability;additional functions for handling linked lists,etc.
13 Write a gtk program to create a widget and calls show() function to show the widget.
#include<gtk/gtk.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[ ])
{
GtkWidget * window;
gtk_ init(&argc,&agrv);
window =gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
gtk_widget_show (window);
gtk_main();
return 0;
}
14 Define Qt programming:-
• Qt is a multiplatform C++ GUI application frame work.It provides application developers with all the functionality needed to build applications with state-of –the –art graphical user interfaces.Qt is fully object-oriented,easily extensible,and allows true component programming.
• Qt is also the basis of the popular KDE Linux desktop environment ,a standard component of all major Linux distributions.
15 Define Glade:-
Glade:-A visual Designer Tool for GTK ,GNOME
Glade enables the developer to quickly and efficiently design an application visually and then move on to concentrate on actual program implementation instead of being bogged down with user interface issues.
16 What are the two types of Desktop Environment?
• KDE( K Desktop Environment)- KDE includes a single window manager(KWM) which manages and controls the behaviour of our windows.
• GNOME(GNU Network Object Model Environment ) which is another popular desk top environment.GNOME does not mandate a particular window manager.
17 What is the use of gtk_init(&argc,&argv) function in gtk programming?
This gtk_init(&argc,&argv) further calls function gtk_init(gint *argc,gchar ***argv) which will be called in all GTK applications;This function initializes such as the default visual and color map and then calls gdk_init(gint *argc,gchar ***argv) which initializes the library for use,sets up default signal handlers, and checks the arguments accepted by all GTK applications.
18 What is the use of gtk_widget_show(window) function?
The gtk_widget_show() function lets GTK know that we are done setting the attributes of this widget,and that it can display it.
19 List out the arguments in gulong g_signal_connect() function?
gulong g_signal_connect(gpointer *object, const ghar *name,
GCallback func,gpointer func_data);
Here the first argument is the widget which will be emitting the signal,and the second the name of the signal you wish to catch.The third is the function you wish to be called when it is caught ,and the fourth, the data you wish to have passed to this function. The function specified in the third argument is called a “ callback function” and should generally be of the form.
Void callback _func(GtkWidget * widget,gpointer callback_data);
20 What is the use of g_signal_connect_swapped() function?
g_signal_connect_swapped() is the same as g_signal_connect() except that the callback function only uses one argument,a pointer to a GTK object.So when using this function to connect signals, the callback should be of the form
void callback_func(GtkObject *object);
PART-B
1 Explain X window Server Architecture.
2 Explain Qt Programming.
3 Explain “Gtk “ Programming
4. Write a Gtk program which contains a button and when we press the same it displays”Hello World”.
5 Write a Gtk program which adds three text fields and a button to a window .When a user enters integers in first two text fields and enters enter key the values are stored in global variable x,y.When user presses close button or simply enters enter key in third text area then the product of x and y is displayed in third text field.
6. With the help of Xlib, how to create a simple window ? Explain.